This outline was created by a
student! Thanks Janice.
Water,
Wind, and Ice Shape the Earth’s Surface
I.
Glaciers carve land and move
sediments.
A.
Vocabulary:
1. Glacier- large mass
of ice that moves over the land
2. Till- the sediment
left directly on the ground surface by a retreating glacier
3. Moraine- a deposit of
till left behind by a retreating glacier
4. Kettle Lake- a
bowl-shaped depression that is formed by a block of ice from a glacier that
becomes filled with water
II.
Glaciers
are moving bodies of ice.
A.
Form
in cold regions where more snow falls than melts each year.
1. On a mountain, the
weight of a heavy mass of ice causes snow to flow downward.
2. On flatter land, the
ice spreads out as an ice sheet.
B.
As
glaciers form, move and melt away, they shape landscapes.
III.
Extent
of Glaciers:
A.
Glaciers
cover about 10 percent of Earth’s land surface.
1. Glaciers have
expanded during long, cold periods and disappeared during long, warm periods.
2. There are two major types of glaciers: alpine
glaciers and continental glaciers.
B.
Alpine Glaciers:
1. Form in mountains and
flow down valleys.
2. As alpine glaciers
move, they cause erosion, breaking up rock
and carrying away the resulting sediment.
3. At the lower end of
these glaciers, melting can occur. This drops sediment, causing streams to
carry it away.
4. If thrown into the
ocean, big blocks of ice may break off and become icebergs.
1. They can cover entire
continents.
2. They are much larger
than alpine glaciers.
3. Also called ice
sheets, continental glaciers cover most of Greenland and Antarctica today.
IV. Glaciers deposit
large amounts of sediment.
A.
Glaciers
shape the land as they melt and retreat.
1. As glaciers move, a
large amount of sediment is transported.
2. Abrasion occurs and
leaves visible markings when the movement of glaciers takes place.
3. When glaciers expand
and advance, the deposits of sediment, or till, are left visible on the ground.
B.
Moraines:
1. The ridges of till
deposited at the sides of a glacier are called lateral moraines.
2. The till that marks
the farthest advance is called an end moraine.
3. The till that is
deposited along the bottom of a glacier is called a ground moraine.
C.
Lakes:
1. Melting glaciers
leave behind depressions that may eventually become lakes.
2. Landscapes shaped by
glaciers are often filled with kettle lakes, (Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota).
3. Many large lakes are
the result of ice ages.
4. The Great Lakes were formed thousands
of years ago when an ice sheet moved over the land and melted.
V.
How the Great Lakes Formed:
A.
The
Great Lakes were formed during the end of the Pleistocene Period.
1. Giant sheets of ice
flowed into the land that leveled the mountains and carved out massive valleys.
2. This process is known
as glacial erosion.
B.
Large
masses of ice known as the Lauren Tide began to form around 100,000 years ago.
1. The Laurentide covered all of
Canada and extended into the United States.
2. As the tide began
retreating and melting, it resulted into the beginning formation of the Great
Lakes.
